Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is among the most prevalent malignant neoplasms affecting the skin and mucosal tissues, with rising incidence rates reported globally. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological patterns, demographic distribution, and potential risk factors associated with SCC in Iraq over a 13-year period (2008–2021). A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from national cancer registries and major tertiary hospitals across Iraq. Patient records were reviewed to collect information on age, sex, anatomical site, geographic distribution, occupation, and potential predisposing factors such as ultraviolet (UV) exposure, tobacco use, and chronic inflammation.

A total of 4,872 confirmed cases of SCC were identified during the study period. The overall incidence showed a gradual increase from 2.3 to 4.1 cases per 100,000 population. Males accounted for 61.4% of cases, with the highest incidence observed in individuals aged 60 years and above. The head and neck region represented the most common anatomical sites (46.7%), followed by the upper limbs (21.3%) and lower limbs (18.9%). A notable geographic variation was observed, with southern and central provinces showing higher prevalence, potentially linked to increased occupational and environmental exposure to sunlight and hydrocarbons. Tobacco use and chronic inflammatory conditions were identified as significant contributing factors.